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Transfer USDC with Data

USDC is a digital dollar backed 100% and is always redeemable 1:1 for US dollars. The stablecoin is issued by Circle on multiple blockchain platforms.

This guide will first explain how Chainlink CCIP enables native USDC transfers under the hood by leveraging Circle's Cross-Chain Transfer Protocol (CCTP). Then, you will learn how to use Chainlink CCIP to transfer USDC and arbitrary data from a smart contract on Avalanche Fuji to a smart contract on Polygon Mumbai. Note: In addition to programmable token transfers, you can also use CCIP to transfer USDC tokens without data. Check the Mainnets and Testnets configuration pages to learn on which blockchains CCIP supports USDC transfers.

Architecture

Fundamentally the architecture of CCIP and API are unchanged:

  • The sender has to interact with the CCIP router to initiate a cross-chain transaction, similar to the process for any other token transfers. See the Transfer Tokens guide to learn more.
  • The process uses the same onchain components including the Router, OnRamp, Commit Store, OffRamp, and Token Pool.
  • The process uses the same offchain components including the Committing DON, Executing DON, and the Risk Management Network.
  • USDC transfers also benefit from CCIP additional security provided by the Risk Management Network.

The diagram below shows that the USDC token pools and Executing DON handle the integration with Circle’s contracts and offchain CCTP Attestation API. As with any other supported ERC-20 token, USDC has a linked token pool on each supported blockchain to facilitate OnRamp and OffRamp operations. To learn more about these components, read the architecture page.

Chainlink CCIP Detailed Architecture

The following describes the operational process:

  1. On the source blockchain:
    1. When the sender initiates a transfer of USDC, the USDC token pool interacts with CCTP’s contract to burn USDC tokens and specifies the USDC token pool address on the destination blockchain as the authorized caller to mint them.
    2. CCTP burns the specified USDC tokens and emits an associated CCTP event.
  2. Offchain:
    1. Circle attestation service listens to CCTP events on the source blockchain.
    2. CCIP Executing DON listens to relevant CCTP events on the source blockchain. When it captures such an event, it calls the Circle Attestation service API to request an attestation. An attestation is a signed authorization to mint the specified amount of USDC on the destination blockchain.
  3. On the destination blockchain:
    1. The Executing DON provides the attestation to the OffRamp contract.
    2. The OffRamp contract calls the USDC token pool with the USDC amount to be minted, the Receiver address, and the Circle attestation.
    3. The USDC token pool calls the CCTP contract. The CCTP contract verifies the attestation signature before minting the specified USDC amount into the Receiver.
    4. If there is data in the CCIP message and the Receiver is not an EOA, then the OffRamp contract transmits the CCIP message via the Router contract to the Receiver.

Example

In this tutorial, you will send a string text and USDC tokens from a smart contract on Avalanche Fuji to a smart contract on Polygon Mumbai. You will pay CCIP fees in LINK. For simplicity, we will use the same contract example as the Transfer Tokens with Data tutorial but for production code, we recommend to apply defensive coding (read the Transfer Tokens With Data - Defensive Example tutorial to learn more).

Before you begin

  1. You should understand how to write, compile, deploy, and fund a smart contract. If you need to brush up on the basics, read this tutorial, which will guide you through using the Solidity programming language, interacting with the MetaMask wallet and working within the Remix Development Environment.
  2. Your account must have some AVAX and LINK tokens on Avalanche Fuji and MATIC tokens on Polygon Mumbai. You can use the Chainlink faucet to acquire testnet tokens.
  3. Check the Supported Networks page to confirm that USDC are supported for your lane. In this example, you will transfer tokens from Avalanche Fuji to Polygon Mumbai so check the list of supported tokens here.
  4. Use the Circle faucet to acquire USDC tokens on Avalanche Fuji.
  5. Learn how to fund your contract. This guide shows how to fund your contract in LINK, but you can use the same guide for funding your contract with any ERC-20 tokens as long as they appear in the list of tokens in MetaMask.

Tutorial

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity 0.8.19;

import {IRouterClient} from "@chainlink/contracts-ccip/src/v0.8/ccip/interfaces/IRouterClient.sol";
import {OwnerIsCreator} from "@chainlink/contracts-ccip/src/v0.8/shared/access/OwnerIsCreator.sol";
import {Client} from "@chainlink/contracts-ccip/src/v0.8/ccip/libraries/Client.sol";
import {CCIPReceiver} from "@chainlink/contracts-ccip/src/v0.8/ccip/applications/CCIPReceiver.sol";
import {IERC20} from "@chainlink/contracts-ccip/src/v0.8/vendor/openzeppelin-solidity/v4.8.3/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";

/**
 * THIS IS AN EXAMPLE CONTRACT THAT USES HARDCODED VALUES FOR CLARITY.
 * THIS IS AN EXAMPLE CONTRACT THAT USES UN-AUDITED CODE.
 * DO NOT USE THIS CODE IN PRODUCTION.
 */

/// @title - A simple messenger contract for transferring/receiving tokens and data across chains.
contract ProgrammableTokenTransfers is CCIPReceiver, OwnerIsCreator {
    // Custom errors to provide more descriptive revert messages.
    error NotEnoughBalance(uint256 currentBalance, uint256 calculatedFees); // Used to make sure contract has enough balance to cover the fees.
    error NothingToWithdraw(); // Used when trying to withdraw Ether but there's nothing to withdraw.
    error FailedToWithdrawEth(address owner, address target, uint256 value); // Used when the withdrawal of Ether fails.
    error DestinationChainNotAllowed(uint64 destinationChainSelector); // Used when the destination chain has not been allowlisted by the contract owner.
    error SourceChainNotAllowed(uint64 sourceChainSelector); // Used when the source chain has not been allowlisted by the contract owner.
    error SenderNotAllowed(address sender); // Used when the sender has not been allowlisted by the contract owner.
    error InvalidReceiverAddress(); // Used when the receiver address is 0.

    // Event emitted when a message is sent to another chain.
    event MessageSent(
        bytes32 indexed messageId, // The unique ID of the CCIP message.
        uint64 indexed destinationChainSelector, // The chain selector of the destination chain.
        address receiver, // The address of the receiver on the destination chain.
        string text, // The text being sent.
        address token, // The token address that was transferred.
        uint256 tokenAmount, // The token amount that was transferred.
        address feeToken, // the token address used to pay CCIP fees.
        uint256 fees // The fees paid for sending the message.
    );

    // Event emitted when a message is received from another chain.
    event MessageReceived(
        bytes32 indexed messageId, // The unique ID of the CCIP message.
        uint64 indexed sourceChainSelector, // The chain selector of the source chain.
        address sender, // The address of the sender from the source chain.
        string text, // The text that was received.
        address token, // The token address that was transferred.
        uint256 tokenAmount // The token amount that was transferred.
    );

    bytes32 private s_lastReceivedMessageId; // Store the last received messageId.
    address private s_lastReceivedTokenAddress; // Store the last received token address.
    uint256 private s_lastReceivedTokenAmount; // Store the last received amount.
    string private s_lastReceivedText; // Store the last received text.

    // Mapping to keep track of allowlisted destination chains.
    mapping(uint64 => bool) public allowlistedDestinationChains;

    // Mapping to keep track of allowlisted source chains.
    mapping(uint64 => bool) public allowlistedSourceChains;

    // Mapping to keep track of allowlisted senders.
    mapping(address => bool) public allowlistedSenders;

    IERC20 private s_linkToken;

    /// @notice Constructor initializes the contract with the router address.
    /// @param _router The address of the router contract.
    /// @param _link The address of the link contract.
    constructor(address _router, address _link) CCIPReceiver(_router) {
        s_linkToken = IERC20(_link);
    }

    /// @dev Modifier that checks if the chain with the given destinationChainSelector is allowlisted.
    /// @param _destinationChainSelector The selector of the destination chain.
    modifier onlyAllowlistedDestinationChain(uint64 _destinationChainSelector) {
        if (!allowlistedDestinationChains[_destinationChainSelector])
            revert DestinationChainNotAllowed(_destinationChainSelector);
        _;
    }

    /// @dev Modifier that checks the receiver address is not 0.
    /// @param _receiver The receiver address.
    modifier validateReceiver(address _receiver) {
        if (_receiver == address(0)) revert InvalidReceiverAddress();
        _;
    }

    /// @dev Modifier that checks if the chain with the given sourceChainSelector is allowlisted and if the sender is allowlisted.
    /// @param _sourceChainSelector The selector of the destination chain.
    /// @param _sender The address of the sender.
    modifier onlyAllowlisted(uint64 _sourceChainSelector, address _sender) {
        if (!allowlistedSourceChains[_sourceChainSelector])
            revert SourceChainNotAllowed(_sourceChainSelector);
        if (!allowlistedSenders[_sender]) revert SenderNotAllowed(_sender);
        _;
    }

    /// @dev Updates the allowlist status of a destination chain for transactions.
    /// @notice This function can only be called by the owner.
    /// @param _destinationChainSelector The selector of the destination chain to be updated.
    /// @param allowed The allowlist status to be set for the destination chain.
    function allowlistDestinationChain(
        uint64 _destinationChainSelector,
        bool allowed
    ) external onlyOwner {
        allowlistedDestinationChains[_destinationChainSelector] = allowed;
    }

    /// @dev Updates the allowlist status of a source chain
    /// @notice This function can only be called by the owner.
    /// @param _sourceChainSelector The selector of the source chain to be updated.
    /// @param allowed The allowlist status to be set for the source chain.
    function allowlistSourceChain(
        uint64 _sourceChainSelector,
        bool allowed
    ) external onlyOwner {
        allowlistedSourceChains[_sourceChainSelector] = allowed;
    }

    /// @dev Updates the allowlist status of a sender for transactions.
    /// @notice This function can only be called by the owner.
    /// @param _sender The address of the sender to be updated.
    /// @param allowed The allowlist status to be set for the sender.
    function allowlistSender(address _sender, bool allowed) external onlyOwner {
        allowlistedSenders[_sender] = allowed;
    }

    /// @notice Sends data and transfer tokens to receiver on the destination chain.
    /// @notice Pay for fees in LINK.
    /// @dev Assumes your contract has sufficient LINK to pay for CCIP fees.
    /// @param _destinationChainSelector The identifier (aka selector) for the destination blockchain.
    /// @param _receiver The address of the recipient on the destination blockchain.
    /// @param _text The string data to be sent.
    /// @param _token token address.
    /// @param _amount token amount.
    /// @return messageId The ID of the CCIP message that was sent.
    function sendMessagePayLINK(
        uint64 _destinationChainSelector,
        address _receiver,
        string calldata _text,
        address _token,
        uint256 _amount
    )
        external
        onlyOwner
        onlyAllowlistedDestinationChain(_destinationChainSelector)
        validateReceiver(_receiver)
        returns (bytes32 messageId)
    {
        // Create an EVM2AnyMessage struct in memory with necessary information for sending a cross-chain message
        // address(linkToken) means fees are paid in LINK
        Client.EVM2AnyMessage memory evm2AnyMessage = _buildCCIPMessage(
            _receiver,
            _text,
            _token,
            _amount,
            address(s_linkToken)
        );

        // Initialize a router client instance to interact with cross-chain router
        IRouterClient router = IRouterClient(this.getRouter());

        // Get the fee required to send the CCIP message
        uint256 fees = router.getFee(_destinationChainSelector, evm2AnyMessage);

        if (fees > s_linkToken.balanceOf(address(this)))
            revert NotEnoughBalance(s_linkToken.balanceOf(address(this)), fees);

        // approve the Router to transfer LINK tokens on contract's behalf. It will spend the fees in LINK
        s_linkToken.approve(address(router), fees);

        // approve the Router to spend tokens on contract's behalf. It will spend the amount of the given token
        IERC20(_token).approve(address(router), _amount);

        // Send the message through the router and store the returned message ID
        messageId = router.ccipSend(_destinationChainSelector, evm2AnyMessage);

        // Emit an event with message details
        emit MessageSent(
            messageId,
            _destinationChainSelector,
            _receiver,
            _text,
            _token,
            _amount,
            address(s_linkToken),
            fees
        );

        // Return the message ID
        return messageId;
    }

    /// @notice Sends data and transfer tokens to receiver on the destination chain.
    /// @notice Pay for fees in native gas.
    /// @dev Assumes your contract has sufficient native gas like ETH on Ethereum or MATIC on Polygon.
    /// @param _destinationChainSelector The identifier (aka selector) for the destination blockchain.
    /// @param _receiver The address of the recipient on the destination blockchain.
    /// @param _text The string data to be sent.
    /// @param _token token address.
    /// @param _amount token amount.
    /// @return messageId The ID of the CCIP message that was sent.
    function sendMessagePayNative(
        uint64 _destinationChainSelector,
        address _receiver,
        string calldata _text,
        address _token,
        uint256 _amount
    )
        external
        onlyOwner
        onlyAllowlistedDestinationChain(_destinationChainSelector)
        validateReceiver(_receiver)
        returns (bytes32 messageId)
    {
        // Create an EVM2AnyMessage struct in memory with necessary information for sending a cross-chain message
        // address(0) means fees are paid in native gas
        Client.EVM2AnyMessage memory evm2AnyMessage = _buildCCIPMessage(
            _receiver,
            _text,
            _token,
            _amount,
            address(0)
        );

        // Initialize a router client instance to interact with cross-chain router
        IRouterClient router = IRouterClient(this.getRouter());

        // Get the fee required to send the CCIP message
        uint256 fees = router.getFee(_destinationChainSelector, evm2AnyMessage);

        if (fees > address(this).balance)
            revert NotEnoughBalance(address(this).balance, fees);

        // approve the Router to spend tokens on contract's behalf. It will spend the amount of the given token
        IERC20(_token).approve(address(router), _amount);

        // Send the message through the router and store the returned message ID
        messageId = router.ccipSend{value: fees}(
            _destinationChainSelector,
            evm2AnyMessage
        );

        // Emit an event with message details
        emit MessageSent(
            messageId,
            _destinationChainSelector,
            _receiver,
            _text,
            _token,
            _amount,
            address(0),
            fees
        );

        // Return the message ID
        return messageId;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns the details of the last CCIP received message.
     * @dev This function retrieves the ID, text, token address, and token amount of the last received CCIP message.
     * @return messageId The ID of the last received CCIP message.
     * @return text The text of the last received CCIP message.
     * @return tokenAddress The address of the token in the last CCIP received message.
     * @return tokenAmount The amount of the token in the last CCIP received message.
     */
    function getLastReceivedMessageDetails()
        public
        view
        returns (
            bytes32 messageId,
            string memory text,
            address tokenAddress,
            uint256 tokenAmount
        )
    {
        return (
            s_lastReceivedMessageId,
            s_lastReceivedText,
            s_lastReceivedTokenAddress,
            s_lastReceivedTokenAmount
        );
    }

    /// handle a received message
    function _ccipReceive(
        Client.Any2EVMMessage memory any2EvmMessage
    )
        internal
        override
        onlyAllowlisted(
            any2EvmMessage.sourceChainSelector,
            abi.decode(any2EvmMessage.sender, (address))
        ) // Make sure source chain and sender are allowlisted
    {
        s_lastReceivedMessageId = any2EvmMessage.messageId; // fetch the messageId
        s_lastReceivedText = abi.decode(any2EvmMessage.data, (string)); // abi-decoding of the sent text
        // Expect one token to be transferred at once, but you can transfer several tokens.
        s_lastReceivedTokenAddress = any2EvmMessage.destTokenAmounts[0].token;
        s_lastReceivedTokenAmount = any2EvmMessage.destTokenAmounts[0].amount;

        emit MessageReceived(
            any2EvmMessage.messageId,
            any2EvmMessage.sourceChainSelector, // fetch the source chain identifier (aka selector)
            abi.decode(any2EvmMessage.sender, (address)), // abi-decoding of the sender address,
            abi.decode(any2EvmMessage.data, (string)),
            any2EvmMessage.destTokenAmounts[0].token,
            any2EvmMessage.destTokenAmounts[0].amount
        );
    }

    /// @notice Construct a CCIP message.
    /// @dev This function will create an EVM2AnyMessage struct with all the necessary information for programmable tokens transfer.
    /// @param _receiver The address of the receiver.
    /// @param _text The string data to be sent.
    /// @param _token The token to be transferred.
    /// @param _amount The amount of the token to be transferred.
    /// @param _feeTokenAddress The address of the token used for fees. Set address(0) for native gas.
    /// @return Client.EVM2AnyMessage Returns an EVM2AnyMessage struct which contains information for sending a CCIP message.
    function _buildCCIPMessage(
        address _receiver,
        string calldata _text,
        address _token,
        uint256 _amount,
        address _feeTokenAddress
    ) private pure returns (Client.EVM2AnyMessage memory) {
        // Set the token amounts
        Client.EVMTokenAmount[]
            memory tokenAmounts = new Client.EVMTokenAmount[](1);
        tokenAmounts[0] = Client.EVMTokenAmount({
            token: _token,
            amount: _amount
        });
        // Create an EVM2AnyMessage struct in memory with necessary information for sending a cross-chain message
        return
            Client.EVM2AnyMessage({
                receiver: abi.encode(_receiver), // ABI-encoded receiver address
                data: abi.encode(_text), // ABI-encoded string
                tokenAmounts: tokenAmounts, // The amount and type of token being transferred
                extraArgs: Client._argsToBytes(
                    // Additional arguments, setting gas limit
                    Client.EVMExtraArgsV1({gasLimit: 200_000})
                ),
                // Set the feeToken to a feeTokenAddress, indicating specific asset will be used for fees
                feeToken: _feeTokenAddress
            });
    }

    /// @notice Fallback function to allow the contract to receive Ether.
    /// @dev This function has no function body, making it a default function for receiving Ether.
    /// It is automatically called when Ether is sent to the contract without any data.
    receive() external payable {}

    /// @notice Allows the contract owner to withdraw the entire balance of Ether from the contract.
    /// @dev This function reverts if there are no funds to withdraw or if the transfer fails.
    /// It should only be callable by the owner of the contract.
    /// @param _beneficiary The address to which the Ether should be sent.
    function withdraw(address _beneficiary) public onlyOwner {
        // Retrieve the balance of this contract
        uint256 amount = address(this).balance;

        // Revert if there is nothing to withdraw
        if (amount == 0) revert NothingToWithdraw();

        // Attempt to send the funds, capturing the success status and discarding any return data
        (bool sent, ) = _beneficiary.call{value: amount}("");

        // Revert if the send failed, with information about the attempted transfer
        if (!sent) revert FailedToWithdrawEth(msg.sender, _beneficiary, amount);
    }

    /// @notice Allows the owner of the contract to withdraw all tokens of a specific ERC20 token.
    /// @dev This function reverts with a 'NothingToWithdraw' error if there are no tokens to withdraw.
    /// @param _beneficiary The address to which the tokens will be sent.
    /// @param _token The contract address of the ERC20 token to be withdrawn.
    function withdrawToken(
        address _beneficiary,
        address _token
    ) public onlyOwner {
        // Retrieve the balance of this contract
        uint256 amount = IERC20(_token).balanceOf(address(this));

        // Revert if there is nothing to withdraw
        if (amount == 0) revert NothingToWithdraw();

        IERC20(_token).transfer(_beneficiary, amount);
    }
}
Open in Remix What is Remix?

Deploy your contracts

To use this contract:

  1. Open the contract in Remix.

  2. Compile your contract.

  3. Deploy, fund your sender contract on Avalanche Fuji and enable sending messages to Polygon Mumbai:

    1. Open MetaMask and select the network Avalanche Fuji.
    2. In Remix IDE, click on Deploy & Run Transactions and select Injected Provider - MetaMask from the environment list. Remix will then interact with your MetaMask wallet to communicate with Avalanche Fuji.
    3. Fill in your blockchain's router and LINK contract addresses. The router address can be found on the supported networks page and the LINK contract address on the LINK token contracts page. For Avalanche Fuji, the router address is 0xf694e193200268f9a4868e4aa017a0118c9a8177 and the LINK contract address is 0x0b9d5D9136855f6FEc3c0993feE6E9CE8a297846.
    4. Click the transact button. After you confirm the transaction, the contract address appears on the Deployed Contracts list. Note your contract address.
    5. Open MetaMask and fund your contract with USDC tokens. You can transfer 1 USDC to your contract.
    6. Fund your contract with LINK tokens. You can transfer 0.5 LINK to your contract. In this example, LINK is used to pay the CCIP fees.
    7. Enable your contract to send CCIP messages to Polygon Mumbai:
      1. In Remix IDE, under Deploy & Run Transactions, open the list of transactions of your smart contract deployed on Avalanche Fuji.
      2. Call the allowlistDestinationChain with 12532609583862916517 as the destination chain selector, and true as allowed. Each chain selector is found on the supported networks page.

  4. Deploy your receiver contract on Polygon Mumbai and enable receiving messages from the sender contract:

    1. Open MetaMask and select the network Polygon Mumbai.
    2. In Remix IDE, under Deploy & Run Transactions, make sure the environment is still Injected Provider - MetaMask.
    3. Fill in your blockchain's router and LINK contract addresses. The router address can be found on the supported networks page and the LINK contract address on the LINK token contracts page. For Polygon Mumbai, the router address is 0x1035CabC275068e0F4b745A29CEDf38E13aF41b1 and the LINK contract address is 0x326C977E6efc84E512bB9C30f76E30c160eD06FB.
    4. Click the transact button. After you confirm the transaction, the contract address appears on the Deployed Contracts list. Note your contract address.
    5. Enable your contract to receive CCIP messages from Avalanche Fuji:
      1. In Remix IDE, under Deploy & Run Transactions, open the list of transactions of your smart contract deployed on Polygon Mumbai.
      2. Call the allowlistSourceChain with 14767482510784806043 as the source chain selector, and true as allowed. Each chain selector is found on the supported networks page.
    6. Enable your contract to receive CCIP messages from the contract that you deployed on Avalanche Fuji:
      1. In Remix IDE, under Deploy & Run Transactions, open the list of transactions of your smart contract deployed on Polygon Mumbai.
      2. Call the allowlistSender with the contract address of the contract that you deployed on Avalanche Fuji, and true as allowed.

At this point, you have one sender contract on Avalanche Fuji and one receiver contract on Polygon Mumbai. As security measures, you enabled the sender contract to send CCIP messages to Polygon Mumbai and the receiver contract to receive CCIP messages from the sender and Avalanche Fuji.

You will transfer 1 USDC and a text. The CCIP fees for using CCIP will be paid in LINK.

  1. Send a string data with tokens from Avalanche Fuji:

    1. Open MetaMask and select the network Avalanche Fuji.

    2. In Remix IDE, under Deploy & Run Transactions, open the list of transactions of your smart contract deployed on Avalanche Fuji.

    3. Fill in the arguments of the sendMessagePayLINK function:


      ArgumentValue and Description
      _destinationChainSelector12532609583862916517
      CCIP Chain identifier of the destination blockchain (Polygon Mumbai in this example). You can find each chain selector on the supported networks page.
      _receiverYour receiver contract address at Polygon Mumbai.
      The destination contract address.
      _textHello World!
      Any string
      _token0x5425890298aed601595a70AB815c96711a31Bc65
      The USDC contract address at the source chain (Avalanche Fuji in this example). You can find all the addresses for each supported blockchain on the supported networks page.
      _amount1000000
      The token amount (1 USDC).

    4. Click on transact and confirm the transaction on MetaMask.

    5. After the transaction is successful, record the transaction hash. Here is an example of a transaction on Avalanche Fuji.

  2. Open the CCIP explorer and search your cross-chain transaction using the transaction hash.


    Chainlink CCIP Explorer transaction details

  3. The CCIP transaction is completed once the status is marked as "Success". In this example, the CCIP message ID is 0x083a235e1b723b9a304cb50d837ad704bfc824a0ef4b8174560fcd85d7af31fc.


    Chainlink CCIP Explorer transaction details success

  4. Check the receiver contract on the destination chain:

    1. Open MetaMask and select the network Polygon Mumbai.

    2. In Remix IDE, under Deploy & Run Transactions, open the list of transactions of your smart contract deployed on Polygon Mumbai.

    3. Call the getLastReceivedMessageDetails function.


      Chainlink CCIP Mumbai message details

    4. Notice the received messageId is 0x083a235e1b723b9a304cb50d837ad704bfc824a0ef4b8174560fcd85d7af31fc, the received text is Hello World!, the token address is 0x9999f7Fea5938fD3b1E26A12c3f2fb024e194f97 (USDC token address on Polygon Mumbai) and the token amount is 1000000 (1 USDC).

Note: These example contracts are designed to work bi-directionally. You can use them as an exercise to transfer tokens with data from Avalanche Fuji to Polygon Mumbai and from Polygon Mumbai back to Avalanche Fuji. Always ensure the sender contract on the source chain is funded with enough fee tokens.

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